Areas Of Feasibility

Also additional members of employee will be hired for the better arrive; trainings Of staff are necessity for the future tourist goers in Mat. Pico De Lord. To ensure the safety and wellness of each tourist Wanderlust Sojourners will help Mat. Pico De Core to recruit well-trained staff that are capable in giving better quality of services. Following are in line for refinement of service at Mat. Pico De Lord: Proposed Operational Hours: 6:00 AM- Opening hours 4:00 PM- Closing hours Overnight can be done as long as following restriction is being followed such as: 1.Potential hikers can climb the mountain for the allowable closing hours ND go down with the permitted opening hours 2. Weather is also to consider whenever potential hikers would like to do overnight. For the following restriction are to be followed well-trained staff should be hired. Security personnel, trained Tour Guides, and Registrars personnel. Wanderlust Sojourners can make a better Operational system in Mat. Pico De Lord such as; Improvement on accuracy and efficiency of sales, reservations, and accounting of revenues, Improvement of operational efficiency (elimination of repetitive tasks, current information readily accessible).Improvement of guest service (accurate and fast dissemination of guest information) Resources In order for the Mat. Pico De Lord to accommodate the changes it will need additional help to restructure. Since Mat. Pico De Core is a government owned the participation of National and Local Government unit will be a great factor, in need for the management and financing so the proposed project can be effectively executed. Most especially the local government, in the moment the project will gain its profits the Local will be the first hand to get the benefits of the project.Private sectors and Voluntary sponsored are also welcome. For the Government and private sectors to work together both must agreed upon through a variety of mechanisms including contracts and concessions. Marketing For the Mat. Pico De Lord to be well known, Wanderlust Sojourners will design a marketing Strategy that would help Mat. Pico De Core gained potential tourist. Wanderlust Sojourners Will make Mat. Pico De Lord as natural environment with a potential to build a recreational and adventurous experience to its potential tourist. Mat.Pico De Core would also endorse a rare opportunity to the community around it. It will revivalist the industry where in the community will benefit. Mat. Pico De Lord could facilitate coordination and make assistance to the community. While there is widespread public interest I preserving the area's natural and cultural values. Wanderlust Sojourners will arrange a Marketing Strategy that will promote Mat. Pico De Lord. Wanderlust Sojourners will make Market Development wherein identifying and developing new market segment for current products (market expansion).Wanderlust Sojourners will also use Service Development treated for the modification of se rvices offered. Diversification strategy will also likely to be use through acquiring business outside the site and Mat. Pico De Lord services offered. Use of Social Media (faceable, twitter, instating, and creating official weeping for Mat. Pico De Lord) and Prints Ads (newspaper and magazines) are to be done for the intense promotion of Mat. Pico De Lord to gain more potential tourist. With all of this Marketing Services Wanderlust Sojourners will help Mat. Pico De Lord to target and promote to the right tourists.Market Research The market areas would be defined based on distance from the site. Demographic characteristics for the resident market would be analyzed to provide an indication of support.

Why were the Bolsheviks able to take power in October 1917

There are many factors that allowed to Bolsheviks to take power in October 1917 such as the growing unpopularity of the Provisional Government at the time. Moreover, events such as the July days and the return of Lenin and Trotsky. The Bolshevik slogans â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace† and â€Å"All Power to the Soviets† also sum up the other major factors to their rise. The Provisional Government was becoming increasingly unpopular.They had failed to end the war and were blamed for food shortages and rising prices. Also, the Russian people were unable to choose their own government as the Provisional Government had not held elections which had displeased most people of Russia. The Bolsheviks took advantage of the unpopularity of the Provisional Government and increased its support. Its slogan â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace† was a really attractive offer to the Russian people. The â€Å"Bread† issue was not being solved by the government, but the Bolsheviks promi sed that they would deal with it.Lenin promised to provide the people with sufficient food, and the starving population turned to him for help. Furthermore, most peasants were furious with the government and the landowners for not giving the peasants a chance to earn their own money with their own land. Lenin, in accordance with the communist ideology, promised that the landowners' property would be split up and distributed equally, naturally attracting mass support from the majority of the population. In addition, the slogan ‘Peace' was the most ppealed out of the 3 by the Russian people.Almost everybody wanted the war to stop, as it continued for so long. The devastated economy and dwindling food supplies were all caused by the war, and people wished to return to their old lives. Lenin knew this and aptly used this as a slogan for his campaign. Being the only party which constantly opposed the continuation of the war, the Bolsheviks attracted many supporters. Additionally, t he leadership of Lenin was another factor that allowed the Bolsheviks to take power. Lenin was a dedicated, determined and skilled leader.He motivated his party and, through agitation and propaganda, the Bolsheviks became very popular in the army and in the factories. The leadership of the party was loyal to Lenin, and they followed his orders with conviction. The party had a proficient propaganda machine, producing newspapers, banners, posters and setting up recruitment drives in the army and factories. Lenin promised to bring an end to the war, to give land to peasants, to give workers control of factories, to take control of he banks and to give power to soviets of workers and soldiers set up throughout Russia.During the July Days, a political crisis erupted as soldiers in Petrograd refused to go to the front and sailors Joined the workers in anti-government demonstrations. These people were mostly Bolshevik supporters, and these riots were no doubt sparked off by party instigato rs. However, they were delivered a crushing defeat when the government managed to suppress the demonstrations and arrested a few leading Bolsheviks. Lenin himself was shot twice in the chest from close range, but urvived to escape to Finland.However, this event emphasises that the Bolsheviks Bolsheviks were able to take power in October 1917 because of Lenin's outstanding speaking skills and use of propaganda. Equally because of the state Russia was in during 1917 with shortage of food, and the need to end the war. The Bolsheviks were the only party that opposed the continuation of the war – which the majority of the Russian population wanted – promising to give the people of Russia what they urgently needed at the time, â€Å"Bread, Land and Peace†.

Contributing Factors of Childhood Obesity Research Paper

Contributing Factors of Childhood Obesity - Research Paper Example I would like to conduct some interviews and surveys with the obese children in order to collect primary data. Direct interviews will help me to collect and analyze the qualitative data. Secondary data would be collected from the published research studies conducted earlier in this field. In order to collect secondary data, internet, newspaper articles, magazines, books etc will be used extensively. Initial observations and analysis proved that lack of physical activities, increased time spending in front of the computers and television, changing life styles and food habits, genetic reasons, sedentary behaviors etc as the major reasons for childhood obesity. The life expectancies of the obese children are expected to be less compared to the normal children. Childhood obesity can create serious problems for a country in building a healthy future generation. Healthy children are always an asset to the nation building process of country and they shape the future of a nation. Excessive body weight can cause various diseases such as cardio vascular diseases, diabetes, certain types of cancer, and osteoarthritis. The study about childhood obesity is very much important under the above circumstances. Overweight and obesity are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that presents a risk to health. A crude population measure of obesity is the body mass index (BMI), a person’s weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of his or her height (in meters). A person with a BMI of 30 or more is generally considered obese. A person with a BMI equal to or more than 25 is considered overweight (Obesity, 2010) BMI≠¥30 is generally considered as the symbol of obesity. Earlier obesity was common among the adults or the aged people alone. The percentage of obesity among children was very small. However, children seem to be outclassed the adults or aged people now as far as

Reaction paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reaction paper - Essay Example Then there is also evidence and the credibility of those who tell an account. What is apparent is that in history there is oftentimes a victor and a villain and the revisionists’ role is to shed light on the facts buried in all other propaganda. The role of the reader now becomes to judge for himself what he should believe in. This is the very nature of the two accounts of what happened in World War II and even World War I by Benjamin Freedman and Dr. Frederick Toben. From the introduction of Freedman before his speech, he was introduced as a former Jew. He was an insider and a friend of Jews before he converted into Christianity. This leads the listener into curiosity of why he would leave his religion by birth for another, especially when you have the opportunity of having belonged to the Jewish community which is almost impenetrable. The reason, it goes, is his outrage of Zionists who manipulate for their gain. Freedman starts by the presentation of the etymology of Judea a s biblical place mentioned in the Bible. It is referred to as a province of Rome and from this stemmed out the term Jews who dispersed throughout the world and found their presence in Europe. The Jews have since then taken over a large enterprise of tremendously profitable businesses.

Answering Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Answering Questions - Research Paper Example Suspense keeps readers on the article besides boosting their understanding of the effects of the illicit trade as he explicitly develops them. Causal analysis refers to the process through which a writer espouses on the issues related to the cause of a problem or issue. Gardner is analyzing the cause of violence in major American cities which he identifies as the trade in illicit drugs. However, she does not simply put this boldly in the beginning of either the page or the essay because, in the process of identifying the cause to the problems, he builds the problems as well. He achieves doing this by drawing the larger picture of the frequency of the violence and the nature of the very violence. It is only after satisfactorily discussing the issues that he brings the cause into context. Causal argument, on the other hand, refers to the articulation of points to ascertain that in deed the stated reasons are the cause to the problem under scrutiny. Gardner identifies the cause of the violence as the illicit trade in drugs. To prove these, he gives reasons and alternatives to what may occur without the drug peddlers in the eq uation (Gardner 266). Drugs and drug peddling is in deed a menace in the country and in the city of Vancouver. However, pushing for legalization of the very drugs would be akin to anarchy. Currently, the drug peddlers are not known and are considered criminals by the state. They operate in the shadows and in dark alleys. The crimes they commit are brought about by betrayals within their circles. Briefly, the peddlers kill or hurt their fellow peddlers. Legalizing the drugs would mean legalizing the trade of the drugs. Entrepreneurs of all sorts will flood the drug industry; this dilutes the trade and reduces profits for the investors. Secret elimination of competition is more likely to result and it may result in the loss of very many innocent lives. The drug business does not simply begin and end with the traders. It

Grunert's Total Food Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Grunert's Total Food Quality - Essay Example Furthermore, very well taste being free from Bovine Spongiform Enciphalopathy, genetic amendment and food additives are incentives for buying food. According to the Grunert's Total Food Quality Model the propensity towards augmented consumption of food can be correlated to a broader concern as regard to environmental issues. The major reasons that thwart consumers from purchasing food are: high price, be deficient in availability, gratification with conventional food, lack of reliance, the inadequate choice and paucity of perceived value. Although a number of consumers have shown curiosity in food, the food options of comparatively few people have been affected. Hence, expressed curiosity in food does not play a momentous role in food purchase and a disparity between positive attitude and behaviour is evident. Thus, acquaintance of consumers' cognitive structures and their impact on the purchase decision will indeed shed light on consumers' food purchases verdict that facilitates UK food firms in devising their marketing strategies. Economic theory has shown some confine in explaining the intricacy and multidimensionality of consumer activities. These bounds not only relate to the supposition of consumer rationality (that is utility exploiting behaviour) and flawless information. The majority of economic models use relative prices and disposable income or budget as illustrative variables of consumer deeds and treat every other sway (for instance social, economic and cultural factors) as cloaked or latent variables: quality inspection is one of them. The analysis of Grunert's Total Food Quality Model guides United Kingdom food firms devising marketing strategies that how consumer attitude deals primarily with predilections and how predilections are formed in the mind of the consumer. Marketing approaches to consumer attitude may be eminent as cognitive versus behavioural. According to Grunert the cognitive approaches underscore constructs dealing with cerebral structures and thinking processes; behavioural approaches stress upon direct links among the characteristics of the environment and behaviour. Both approaches are broadly accepted and accredited ways of analysing behaviour, with a high degree of complement. In this analysis one will ponder on the first approach and concentrate on consumer product knowledge, engagement and eagerness in the case of organic products. From a cognitive perspective, one can define consumer behaviour as the activities that people engross in when deciding, purchasing, and using goods and services to gratify desires. Such activities involve cerebral and emotional processes, besides physical actions. The cognitive approach is based on consumer acquaintance, product perception and the desires consumers want to gratify. Cognition is referred to as the dynamic cerebral constructs and processes involved in thinking, discerning and interpreting stimuli and events from the environment. It includes the information, sense and values that consumers have developed from their practice and stored in their memories. Whilst several aspects of cognition are sentient

Exam papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Exam papers - Essay Example PCBs are organohalogens prepared by having chlorine react with biphenyl, an aromatic hydrocarbon used as a heat-transfer fluid. These compounds are found to have high resistance toward decomposition and due to low levels of environmental degradation, PCBs proceed to dwell in bodies of water, soil, and in an organism’s fatty tissue. They are biologically toxic to aquatic creatures, both vertebrates and invertebrates. As a grave hazard to human health, PCBs may lead to dysfunction of liver, carcinogenic effect, dizziness, and dermatitis. Several factors may affect the soil’s interaction with exogenous organic compounds including soil aggregation by waste products of bacteria. Besides aggregate stability, the interactive potential or resilience of soil to exogenous organic matters may be determined further by factors as land technology used, farming system, and agricultural management employed. In the field of biotechnology, this can be demonstrated in terms of the water’s reaction to break polymeric bonds such as the ester links that are often present between two amino acids in a protein. After such bonds have been broken, a hydroxyl group (-OH) in water is yielded to one of the products while carboxylic acid becomes of the other upon acquisition of H+. Moreover, the environmental degradation of endogenous substances may be hydrolytically carried out with the aid of catalyzing enzymes in the process of decomposing other polymers like nucleotides, complex sugars, starch, and even fats. Atrazine ---ïÆ'   derived from the synthesis reaction involving cyanuric chloride, the chief precursor to the toxicity of atrazine, and isopropyl amine; this reaction is performed in xylene or toluene in the presence of water and addition of NaOH; Benzpyrene ---ïÆ'   the new key reaction for the production of the environmentally carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) includes the method of coupling of naphthalene 2-boronic acid with

Career Development in Financial Accounts in a Bank Assignment

Career Development in Financial Accounts in a Bank - Assignment Example Academic qualifications area must have, but the soft skills describe a person’s readiness to learn and work. Experience is a definite bonus in any job qualification specifics. As an accounting student at the university, it is with no doubt that I am on the verge of getting the basic as well as the preliminary skills required to work as a bank teller. Academically, I took various subjects during my first year which are relevant to finance and banking. Accounting and management accounting are among the units I took. I did well in my exams thus my confidence in working as a bank teller. I have full comprehension of the fundamental theoretic in those subjects among others. Additionally, I have covered other subjects including business environment, people and organization. This subject entails the relations at a workplace and how to create an effective environment in order to achieve the workplace objectives. This is knowledge needed in the bank industry according to the career research I undertook. Having worked as a sales assistant, I have experienced firsthand how to deal with customers. It is very interesting and engaging and bank tellers do it similarly. They engage with customer issues and ensure they deliver the services to suit the customer’s needs. The experience as a sales assistant proved to many as well as myself that I am a reliable person in my work among other qualities like teamwork. A sales job involves teamwork and assisting your colleagues where necessary. A quality that I always employed. Moreover, my current job as a cashier at a petrol station has increased my knowledge in customer service. I enjoy my work in relating to customers. On the other hand, I work voluntarily in Oxford church. In my work, we always get involved with different people in the society and attend to them. We clean public halls, collect litter, as well as visit old people homes and orphans. The work is a worthwhile experience as it builds my eagerness to want to help people in the society where I have the means.  Ã‚  

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 48

Ethics - Essay Example seek to conduct a comparison of the various differences and similarities that tend to exist between utilitarianism, deontological ethics and virtue theory. The main similarity between the three theories of utilitarianism, deontological ethics and virtue theory is that they all attempt to try and set a common standard by which an individual who is considered to be a good moral person can live by within a given community (Manias et al, 2013). The virtue ethics measure morality in an individual by using aspects such as moral standing and character within a given community so as to effectively determine the individual’s goodness Devettere (2002), this is similar to deontology whereby a person is considered to be good and moral in the event that their actions within a given community are considered to be the right choice and as such, the actions are good and moral (Tännsjö, 2013). In utilitarianism, individuals are encouraged to base their actions and decisions on what action will ultimately be in the best interest for the majority of people (Manias et al, 2013). The common ground between these three theories is based on mora lity and goodness as is perceived by other individuals within the wider community. The three theories of deontological ethics, virtue theory and utilitarianism can also be seen to be similar in that they all share the same consequence of action. Although it might not be the main focus of the action, the outcomes of the action’s consequences are considered to be primary as a result. All these theories work towards what is being perceived to be the best result depending on exactly what someone else happens to believe that the best results may be. The main difference between the three theories of utilitarianism, deontological ethics and virtue ethics is that deontological ethics are primarily based on a fixed moral law and duty, utilitarianism on the other hand is based on an enlightened self interest, or simply what serves to make us all

Analysis of the Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay Example for Free

Analysis of the Road Not Taken by Robert Frost Essay The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost shows the narrator coming to a fork in the wood, which offers two paths to take. By use of symbolism and various verb tenses in different stanzas the author was able to convey the overall meaning of the poem. The narrator scrutinized the road but does not find a noticeable difference in the two paths and thus was stuck deciding whether which road is the better decision. However, in the fourth stanza, by the allegory â€Å"I took the one less traveled by† shows that the narrator wishes to take the path which leads to individualism. The narrator portrayed that in life there are decisions we must make that must be based on our own agenda. Symbols also play in defining the meaning of the poem. The symbol of the color yellow is use to show more than just the narrator’s cowardice, but also yellow represents autumn meaning the author is at the end of his life which indicates that he has wasted his whole life in indecision. Other symbols such as â€Å"two roads† and â€Å"one traveler† in the first stanza show the idea of free choice and individualism of the narrator. We can also tie in to the fact that because the roads lies in the woods, and that roads represents free choice, the overall idea would be comparable to free choice and fate. You are free to choose what choice to make but in the end the choices you make are still a part of your fate. In the first three stanzas the poem is written in past tense, but in the fourth stanza the poem is written in future tense. By repeating â€Å"two roads diverged in a wood† in the fourth stanza the narrator is implying that he is reflecting upon if the choice he had made was the better of the two choices. The first three stanzas of the poem being in past tense hints that he is looking back at his past, but the fourth stanza shows us the narrator is hoping â€Å"somewhere ages and ages hence† the decision he made will benefit him. In addition, because the narrator is still uncertain if the choice he made was the better of the two, we can concludes that he is still reflective on whether which road he should have took, hence the title â€Å"The Road Not Taken. † Partially, the poem tells us about the narrator’s fear of regrets which eventually leads to his indecisiveness in choice of what road to travel. The fear of making mistakes from either choice had excluded the narrator from taking any action. . Frost’s point is to acknowledge the fact that in life there are choices where uncertainty makes choosing difficult, and often we are paralyzed by the fact of making the â€Å"wrong choice. † Words such as â€Å"sorry,† â€Å"sigh,† and â€Å"doubted† shows the authors regrets and concern for making the wrong choice. The last stanza offered the author’s apprehension furthermore of whether which road he should take with the stuttered â€Å"I. † Although in the last two lines the narrator says he takes â€Å"the [road] less traveled by, and that has made all the difference,† the use of the word difference is ironic to what the poem has states in retrospective about the similarity of the roads. In the poem The Road Not Taken the narrator’s idea of non-conformity coupled with the fear of regrets from making the wrong choice apprehended him from making any decisions. The Road Not Taken shows us that the choices we make in life should be based on our individual values.

Origins Of English Figurative Idioms English Language Essay

Origins Of English Figurative Idioms English Language Essay Idiom is the combination of lexical items and has its own meaning which is different from the particular individual lexical items and this figurative expression is usually understood by the native speakers because figurative idiom expression is likely to be named as the conventional scene in the their mind that serves in the speech community. Similarity, idioms are consisted as a special set of lexical items due not only to their structure elements, but also they specify a unique set of behavior when used in very language discourse. Fernando argues that the concreted phrases and the arrangement pairs in idiomatic are recognized by the usage and with its stabilized structure and limited variation. To expand the explanation, idioms can be formed a word such as nevertheless, a phrase such as in favor of, and also a sentence such as the coast is clear. According to Boers definition of figurative idiom, whose meaning is barely inferred by its literal meaning of its constituent elements. Therefore, from the semantic point of view, the expression of a figurative idiom cannot be understood from its individual parts. Structurally an idioms usually includes a series of words, any parts of its meanings cannot be replaced. Figurative idioms, it is a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary languages. Base on Lakoff and Johnson explanation, idioms are also known as the metaphor that serves as a device of poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish dedicates for most languages. Moreover, figurative expressions are not merely bundles of word combination; however it is a phrase that ordinarily invented to one situation that inferred to another, making an implicit comparison. Another scholar Tang explains figurative idioms unsurprisingly have been coined with the name of its meaning. Ultimately, the figurative interpretation of every idiom evokes the metaphorical expressions. As the manifestation of conceptual metaphor was introduced, Z. Kovecses conceptualizes metaphors are realized in other than linguistic ways. For example, literary works are constructed in their fully in term of conceptual metaphors such as Chaucers The Cantebury tales, Buyams The Pilgrim Progress or Frosts poem The Road not Taken are associated around the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor. As result, although there is always a difference in every definition of figurative idiom, yet they all have the similar description to explain idioms have the obvious characteristics of semantic incorporated and structural stability. 2.1) Culture context Language structure is the most typical feature of cultural aspects that such relationship particularly found in the lexicon. As Wierzbicka lists out the best evidence for reality of cultures can associate the meanings of words that eventually provides ways of living, speaking, thinking, and feeling which are broadly shared in every particular society. In addition, the Polish anthropologist Malinnowsky is the first founder of the context theory thinks that discourse and context are mutually hanging closely together, the language environment is essential to understand language.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Meanwhile, Boers and Stengers declare the significant of cultural figurative expression has been emphasized much recent research. Gibbs study claims that idioms are established in all languages and several types of idioms are cultural elements. Wierzbicka states that most of figurative idioms are cultural artifacts, reflecting the aspects the creation of figurative idioms which are formed by cultural elements. Thus, Inchaurralde mentions particular lexical units are linked with cultural lexical scripts, which are associated to a certain cultural background. Furthermore, Lennon points out language and culture are important to idioms because it could reflect the transformation in conceptualization of the universe and the relationship between the universe and the mankind. The Chinese Linguist Hu Zhunaglin has divided the cultural context into three types: linguistics context, situational context, and cultural context. Most importantly, the cultural context refers the involvement of social, economic, cultural, political background, and religions contexts occur in communities that would value the standard of a certain language. Dobrovolskij and Piirainen comes out with an idea to describe the different types of cultural phenomena are interrelated with conventional figurative units. This means that culturally marked lexis has focused on cross-cultural similarity and the variation across in the conceptualization of emotions. Another issue that Lakoff and Johnson discuss about whether all cultures have the same conceptual of the world. Base on Issac simplification, every figurative expression has a certain class of metaphors seems to be universal. However some cultural specifications also occur in conceptual metaphor, in other word, different culture have a different set of value systems that might result in different interaction to certain expression from others cultures. For example, in Shakespeares period, the food egg is to characterize people behavior or attitude, for instance, She is a good egg means that she is a nice person. In Chinese, there is record in the literature work egg transcript to mandarin Dan also symbolizes to a person behavior and attitude. The Mandarin word huai dan signifies as bad person. These two different cultural context has shared the same particular meaning of the phrase is directed and extended to describe people who seen to be decent person. Although English and Chinese utilize the food egg to imply the same target expression, on the other hand, the English expression good egg is to indicate a nice person, however the Chinese expression to indicate a nice person no longer utilizes egg to imply the meaning rather than change the whole word into hao ren instead of hao dan. 2.2) Idiom and culture Language has been always the carrier of culture and most important idioms that almost invariably to have their roots in a particular language. Another researcher Ronald Langacker argues that language is instrument and module of culture, speakers take part in a discourse situation, their cultural aspects are related to their acts of behavior and conversation. Moreover, Paul Friedrich calls the connection between language and culture as linguaculture. The conceptual of linguaculture is described as a domain of experience that fuses and intermingles the vocabulary, many semantic aspects of grammar, and the verbal aspects of culture; both grammar and culture have underlying structure while they are constantly being used and constructed by actual people on the ground. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) As an important part of language and culture, particular source domain of metaphorical expression may not be equally salient across cultures. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Meanwhile, few researches have been introduced on the cultural features in the present study that lead Boers and Stengers to investigate on the composition of idiom and culture. They explore weather domain that track most in English figurative idioms. The weather domain is commonly associated to English figurative idioms because talking about the weather is a very basic and frequently topic in Britain because it is notoriously variable and unpredictable. However, the weather lexical units can be implemented through meaning extension to other domains such as economy and feeling, for example, when a financial storm struck down Wall Street, traders sought shelter in the dollar and Alex feels the chill of economic downturn. As result, the sentence illustrates the weather domain to a situation and feeling to indicate the seriousness on how Englishmen see weather as well as the economic phenomena. Boers, Demecheleer, and Eyckmans suggest that there are two complementary methods to estimate the two linguistic communities differ with respect to relate salience of a source domain. One method is to investigate the comparison of both languages such as English and Dutch idioms, that English idioms has much broader selection of expressions converted from card games and gambling such as to over play ones hand, to play with stacked deck, the chips are downà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Another much more straight forward example is the domain of sports, popularity of certain sports may coin widely across cultural aspects. Baseball for instance, is much more popular in the United States than in European, for sure it is evidently that American produces more baseball figurative expression such as I had a date with Alice yesterday night, unfortunately I cant even get to first base with her; Three strike and youre out. Similarity, British English hold a source domain in cricket such as Bat on a sticky wicket, Hit someone for six. Besides, Englishmen also like to have horse racing eventually contributes to figurative expressions as well such as A dark horse, Hear it from the horse mouth. The another method is to detect cross-cultural variation done by researcher Alice Deignan results that the source domain of sailing is reflected more often in English than in French discourse. For examples, running tight ship, talking the wind out of someones sails, when you ship comes in, clear the decks, and many more. Boers and Demecheleer suggests that French figurative discourse is more likely flavoured by the source domain of food and cooking. Alice Deignan concludes that the cultural aspects and figurative idioms are considered indirect ones in the sense that cultures of the past and present reflect most of idioms and Boers sums up that even native speakers lack of awareness towards the origin of the idiom they use. 2.3) Origins of English Figurative Idioms According to Smith (1971), generally universal origins of idioms can be divided into six main cultural aspects. 2.3.1) From daily life Smith suggests that most idioms develop from daily life are linked with particular occupations such as many phrases that related to navy have been invented by the sailors as well as the athletes use phrases related to sports. Most of the idioms were invented and they are concise, oral dialect and vivid, and are closely associated to our life. Soon enough those idioms were used by the people in the daily life to indicate certain expressions. Such figurative expressions are useful and eventually it has been evolved from common dialogue to conventional language which those idioms are commonly use such as to share and woe, strike the iron whole it is hot, a pot of money, to take the bread out of someones mouth and many more. 2.3.2) From ancient myths, legends and fables Some English figurative idioms were influenced by the Ancient Greek and Roman civilization. From example, idioms such as Midas touch, the apple of discord, sour grape, pandoras box, trojon horse, etc are derived from Greek myths and legends which are widely used in writing. 2.3.3) From religion Religion stands an important role in contributing the source of idioms. In early western countries, traditionally, Christianity has always been the main religion, many sources of idioms are regularly used in verbal dialogue are mainly came from the bible such as judass kiss, olive branch, much cry and little wool, turn the other cheek, cast peals before swine, and writing on the wall. 2.3.4) From classical literature Apart from the religion contributes most of the source of idioms, classical literature is indentified as a main source of idioms. During Renaissance period, Shakespeares master pieces have been on e of the most important source of idioms in English language. For examples, pound of life, give the devil his due all come from Shakespeares plays. Besides, the famous Greek epic poem the Iliad also gives numerous contributions to the English idioms such as screw up ones courage, Achilles heel. In addition, one of the most famous English idioms the ugly duckling is from the Andersons fairy tales. 2.3.5) Form occupation Nevertheless, idioms are not only formed by social daily interaction, religions, historical background, and literature works, but also certain idioms are associated by the occupation as well. The United Kingdom is a country with high capability in sailing around the world, therefore, they are many idioms that related to navy such as ships in the night, to rock the boat, plain sailing and carry too much guns. Thus contrary, China is a large nation with agricultural aspects of production and process which have become the centralization of forming idioms that related to agricultural elements and those idioms have been passing on by farmers from generation to generation. 2.3.6) From Sports Sports domain also demonstrates the important source of idioms. Liu discusses that most of the English figurative idioms in American are derived from sports, business, and driving. However, the Chinese idioms are more likely from eating, family, and Chinese opera ultimately play and important roles in Chinese society that have pluralized many figurative idioms. United States has shown there are more baseball- based figurative idioms such as first base, three strike and youre out, while cricket is more popular in United Kingdom that formed their English figurative idioms such as bat on a sticky wicket, hit someone for six, etc. As result, these six types of domains can trace the origin of idioms which have a very specific cultural context.

American Homeland Security :: essays research papers

Homeland Security Millions of innocent lives lost on 9-11-01. A problem not widely discussed in the United States much until September 11, 2001 the date of the attack from terrorist organizations on the world trade centers’ New York towers in New York City. The United States of America (USA) has not worried much about self defense or in this case homeland security. Due to the actions on September 11th homeland security has been the main goal of many politicians and voters. Homeland security builds coalitions and partnerships, protects civil rights and civil liberties, and develops human capital. Coalitions and partnerships are one of the key points of homeland security (United States 2). Homeland security was created during Cold War (Watson 1). This was to protect the USA from the possibility of a nuclear war with the communistic government of the Russians at the time. Today the USA’s department of homeland security collaborates horizontally which is between different federal agencies (United States 2). This is done to ensure communication between different federal groups. Also, this ensures that the different groups join forces concerning issues in the country. They collaborate vertically through different forms of government (United States 2). One of the many coalitions for homeland security is the U.S. Department of States. This was created in 1789 (United States 3). It was made to protect the rights of people and foreign relations. This helps benefit the different forms of government having positive relations with other countries. Also homeland security protects civil rights and civil liberties (United States 2). This is done through the two main organizations the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The CIA gathers information that protects the USA and it was created to do such (â€Å"Civilian† 8). While the FBI was founded to provide other law enforments with corporative assistance (â€Å"Civilian† 12). The rights of many people are enjoyed due to the operation of these two coalitions that sometimes seems like a partnership. These liberties and rights are taken for granted by people who don’t realize how much they rely on civil liberties and rights that are the backbone of the USA. With out these organizations there would be more illegal drug trafficking from foreign companies and also domestic drug trade. These organizations are a form of internal protection.

Essay --

Lynn, Laurence E, Jr. 2013. â€Å"America’s ‘Broken Government’: What Would James Madison Say?† Administration and Society 45.5 (July): 610–624. In the article â€Å"America’s ‘Broken Government’: What Would James Madison Say?† the author Laurence E. Lynn Jr. provides the reader with important facts about the establishment of American government and what can be done to fix its brokenness. His viewpoint is that the government is not broken, but that the people who govern are broken by not maintaining a â€Å"perfect union† or â€Å"domestic tranquility.† (611) The author’s viewpoint is based on James Madison’s contribution to the Constitution. The foundation that the Constitution was created upon has not changed; however, the way it is utilized is affected our nation. James Madison envisioned that basic governing structures, virtues, and inherent fairness for everyone would ensure that liberty and justice were sustained; however, the author states that neither competence nor virtue is certain. (613, 623) In order to provide an insight to the mindset of James Madison’s vision for the Constitution’s use in American government, Lynn uses excerpts from the Federalist to show the reader how Madison incorporated an â€Å"institutional design† to structure and guide the separated powers of our government as well as the checks and balances used to maintain order. (614) This approach made sense because the included excerpts showed that the structure of government has remained true. The author states that issues with the government arise due to the rival interests of our elected officials. He describes this as being â€Å"grid-locked† and states that the parties involved within our governing body become divided by these â€Å"id eological and interest-based† conflicts. The... ...te. These methods help him to effectively compile pertinent information from leadership literature in order to provide the reader with an article that successfully brings the ideals of leadership together. Overall, the author does a great job of providing the reader with a better understanding of how each leadership could be implemented, the advantages of each style, and what concerns may arise from a particular leadership style. Van Wart’s article serves â€Å"to provide a frame for what is constant in leadership and what is new in leadership.† This article would be beneficial for those who are â€Å"aspiring to leadership† or someone who currently holds a leadership role. (553) Van Wart inclusion of a chart makes this information easy to share at a short leadership meeting and may enlighten someone in an administrative position on how to be a more effective leader.

Comparing the Qur’an and the Torah :: Compare Contrast Comparison Essays

Comparing the Qur’an and the Torah Contained in the many intricate and poetic Surahs of the Qur’an are retellings of a number of famous stories of the Hebrew Bible, known to Jews as the Torah, Prophets, and Writings. However, the Qur’an’s account of the lives of certain biblical characters often differs in significant ways from the Jewish version. While a believer in the divine nature of the Qur’an may claim that differences in facts stem from distortions of G-d’s message as recorded in Jewish holy books, both Muslims and non-Muslims might agree that the differences in emphasis are intentional. A more cynical observer might claim that the Qur’an changed the known Bible stories to suit its purposes. By choosing to include certain parts of a famous story and leaving out others, the story itself takes on a very different significance. Occasionally, the Qur’an will also discuss parts of the story which are entirely left out of the Torah, in which case a Muslim may clai m the Torah did not deem those facts important for its own reasons. A cynical observer would claim the Qur’an made these additions to make its own message clearer. In the discussion that follows, I will often talk of what â€Å"the Qur’an intends,† or what â€Å"the Torah means to say† on a topic. It should be understood that I am not ascribing human attributes to inanimate books, but rather that I am intentionally avoiding the conflict inherent in naming the author of these books. Depending on one’s tastes, one could understand the Qur’an’s intention to be either Muhammad or Allah’s intention. Likewise, â€Å"the Torah means to say† could really be understood as what either Moses or G-d means to say. Either way, the important point is that somebody thought through the stories and decided on which words were worthy of being included in the holy texts and which were not. One of the underlying assumptions of this paper is that the stories were written down the way we find them today for a reason, and this paper intends to shed light on some of those reasons. Although the points where the Torah and Qur’an disagree on basic facts may be controversial, these facts can often profoundly change the overall character of a story. Rather than making a value judgment as to which story is better or more likely, I will simply present these differences along with a discussion on how they impact the meaning and purpose behind the story.

Learning Styles Essay

Having studied a small number of learning styles I will evaluate my own personal learning style and how I can use this through the next three years of my life at Bucks New University. I will look at the most popular theories in use today and their value in today’s world. The theory of individual learning styles began in the 1970’s and developed thoroughly in the 1980’s becoming more and more popular in recent years. The use of MRI scan data was added to already developing theories to understand how the brain processed information. (Revell, P, May 05) A learning review carried out in 2004 by the ‘Learning and Skills Research Centre’ revealed that there are 71 established learning style theories, a number of these are very similar in style. I am going to focus on 3 widely used theories methods, David Kolb’s learning style model, Honey & Mumford’s Learning Style Questionnaire and Fleming’s VARK. (Image) This diagram shows the ‘cycle of learning’ created by Kolb. David Kolb, began developing his Learning Style model in 1971, he then published his learning style model in 1984. The model is made of 4 learning styles; experience, reflection, reflecting and planning. In his cycle of learning Kolb describes that we will experience something, reflect on what happened, think how we can change or what we can use again and then act upon this and do it again changing any mistakes we made first time round, therefore repeating the cycle. For example when learning to ride a bike you may fall off due to hitting a tree (the experience,) look at what why we hit the tree, not looking up? (reflect,) think about how we can change why we fell off, look forward as we are riding (plan) and then finally try again to ride looking forward. This cycle may repeat itself many times before we get right what we was trying to learn. Honey & Mumford’s questionnaire (IMAGE) In 1992 Peter Honey and Alan Mumford created a questionnaire for learners to identify their learning style. The questionnaire originally consisted of 80 questions but this has been shortened and made available with only 40 question’s. Honey and Mumford’s model is based heavily on the Kolb model but focuses in on the in-between stages of the cycle. They agree with Kolb that all stages are crucial to learning, they suggest that some people tend to be happier with one stage of the cycle over others. (Cameron, S 1995) Honey and Mumford determined four learning styles that people may prefer to use than trying to use the whole cycle of Kolb’s model. The four stages are, activists, reflectors, theorists and pragmatists. Activists are very open minded, will try new things without much thought, are very sociable and probably prefer group work. However they are likely to get bored very quickly and find it hard to sit still for long periods of time. Activists will most likely be the planners within the marketing industry as they have lots of experiences and enjoy overcoming obstacles, they will most likely be watched closely by the manager due to their tendencies to jump in, act and think afterwards. Reflectors are much more passive and will think in much more depth before reaching any decision’s, they will tend to take more of a back seat role and observe others. A reflective member of staff would make be good in a manager role because they think with their heads, not their heart and would therefore make decisions that are more informative. Theorists enjoy approaching problems logically and having information to back up theories. Theorists are very good at analysing data and researching in depth. They can struggle to work with activists as they act first then think whereas theorists will think (a lot) before acting. Theorist would be best at doing marketing research and analysing the information as this something they excel at. Pragmatists like the freedom of creating something new, they don’t like being restricted to set ideas. They enjoy problem solving and are very practical but they do get bored very quickly. Pragmatists would be fantastic in a creative environment and therefore perfect for creating advertisements using their initiative. Flemings VARK VARK stands for Visual, Aural, Read/write and Kinaesthetic. Fleming developed his theory based on previous VAK modes but added the read/write in 1987. ‘From what I read and observed, it seemed obvious that some students had a distinct preference for the written word whilst others preferred symbolic information’ (Fleming, N. 2006) Fleming’s questionnaire has 16 question, so that people take it more seriously and do not get bored while filling out the questionnaire. Visual learners prefer to look at images and the use of colour. When making notes a visual learner will use images, symbols and highlight key words with colour. When planning a piece of work visual learners may use mood boards and mind maps for them to get inspiration from before forming into words. Audio learners prefer to listen to lectures or having things explained to them, they enjoy group discussions and are very good at describing visual things in great detail. Audio learners can benefit from reading aloud their notes while recording themselves. When planning for a piece of work an audio learner may find it better to speak through their ideas with a friend. Read/write learners much prefer to write down notes and take information from text books, when breaking down statistical information they will describe any trends instead of drawing them. Read/write learners will excel at essay writing and when planning a piece of work they will write lists and notes. Kinaesthetic learners prefer to just try new things and touch things to help them learn. Field trips for the ideal for kinaesthetic learners as they can take in all the information around them, without getting bored. When completing a piece of work they will just use trial and error until they get it right. Without acknowledging your own style you may encourage your team to focus on issues from a certain perspective and miss the opportunities that result from different approaches. A team has a collective learning style all of its own. (Haygroup) My learning style After completing the 1982 version of the Honey and Mumford questionnaire I scored: Activist 6 Reflector16 Theorist15 Pragmatist 8 From these results I now understand that I prefer to step back and observe others, I require more time and information to make decisions. From previous experience I would say that I totally agree with this for example when making a decision about any expensive purchase I will always look at information about and research the best prices before making a decision. So I do regularly use the reflector and theorist styles. From completing the 13 question VARK questionnaire I have scored: Visual1 Audio0 Read/write4 Kinaesthetic 7 From these results I can see that I am kinaesthetic learner, this contradicts my findings from the Honey and Mumford questionnaire where I found id rather observe and take in information. Where as from this VARK questionnaire I have found that id rather use trial and error and learn using hands on methods. This contradictions surprise me as the styles are so different but I do understand that this is true to me, I do prefer to learn on my own and take in a lot of information before creating an essay but when it comes to learning how to use something new I prefer to just hold it and try it out. Conclusion From my research I have found that many of the learning styles are very similar but are constructed in their own way and helps the learner to establish their style in its individual way. Kolb’s learning theory would not be able to be broken up into sections but the Honey and Mumford theory is based on Kolb’s so I can be compared to the VARK theory I have also looked at. I do believe I can pair these up as follows because they have very similar tendencies. Active and Visual learners like images to stimulate them. Reflectors and Audio would prefer to look back at a lecture and re-do their notes to suit them. Theorists and Read/Write learners prefer looking at information in texts. Pragmatists and kinaesthetic learners are both creative and get bored quickly. From what I have learnt form this essay and have found out about how I learn will help me study through the next three years without me struggling or getting bored. Learning style is the way human beings take in new and/or difficult information, how they process, store and retrieve it. (Prashnig, B: Debating Learning Styles) Having studied a small number of learning styles I will evaluate my own personal learning style and how I can use this through the next three years of my life at Bucks New University. I will look at the most popular theories in use today and their value in today’s world. The theory of individual learning styles began in the 1970’s and developed thoroughly in the 1980’s becoming more and more popular in recent years. The use of MRI scan data was added to already developing theories to understand how the brain processed information. (Revell, P, May 05) A learning review carried out in 2004 by the ‘Learning and Skills Research Centre’ revealed that there are 71 established learning style theories, a number of these are very similar in style. I am going to focus on 3 widely used theories methods, David Kolb’s learning style model, Honey & Mumford’s Learning Style Questionnaire and Fleming’s VARK. (Image) This diagram shows the ‘cycle of learning’ created by Kolb. David Kolb, began developing his Learning Style model in 1971, he then published his learning style model in 1984. The model is made of 4 learning styles; experience, reflection, reflecting and planning. In his cycle of learning Kolb describes that we will experience something, reflect on what happened, think how we can change or what we can use again and then act upon this and do it again changing any mistakes we made first time round, therefore repeating the cycle. For example when learning to ride a bike you may fall off due to hitting a tree (the experience,) look at what why we hit the tree, not looking up? (reflect,) think about how we can change why we fell off, look forward as we are riding (plan) and then finally try again to ride looking forward. This cycle may repeat itself many times before we get right what we was trying to learn. Honey & Mumford’s questionnaire (IMAGE) In 1992 Peter Honey and Alan Mumford created a questionnaire for learners to identify their learning style. The questionnaire originally consisted of 80 questions but this has been shortened and made available with only 40 question’s. Honey and Mumford’s model is based heavily on the Kolb model but focuses in on the in-between stages of the cycle. They agree with Kolb that all stages are crucial to learning, they suggest that some people tend to be happier with one stage of the cycle over others. (Cameron, S 1995) Honey and Mumford determined four learning styles that people may prefer to use than trying to use the whole cycle of Kolb’s model. The four stages are, activists, reflectors, theorists and pragmatists. Activists are very open minded, will try new things without much thought, are very sociable and probably prefer group work. However they are likely to get bored very quickly and find it hard to sit still for long periods of time. Activists will most likely be the planners within the marketing industry as they have lots of experiences and enjoy overcoming obstacles, they will most likely be watched closely by the manager due to their tendencies to jump in, act and think afterwards. Reflectors are much more passive and will think in much more depth before reaching any decision’s, they will tend to take more of a back seat role and observe others. A reflective member of staff would make be good in a manager role because they think with their heads, not their heart and would therefore make decisions that are more informative. Theorists enjoy approaching problems logically and having information to back up theories. Theorists are very good at analysing data and researching in depth. They can struggle to work with activists as they act first then think whereas theorists will think (a lot) before acting. Theorist would be best at doing marketing research and analysing the information as this something they excel at. Pragmatists like the freedom of creating something new, they don’t like being restricted to set ideas. They enjoy problem solving and are very practical but they do get bored very quickly. Pragmatists would be fantastic in a creative environment and therefore perfect for creating advertisements using their initiative. Flemings VARK VARK stands for Visual, Aural, Read/write and Kinaesthetic. Fleming developed his theory based on previous VAK modes but added the read/write in 1987. ‘From what I read and observed, it seemed obvious that some students had a distinct preference for the written word whilst others preferred symbolic information’ (Fleming, N. 2006) Fleming’s questionnaire has 16 question, so that people take it more seriously and do not get bored while filling out the questionnaire. Visual learners prefer to look at images and the use of colour. When making notes a visual learner will use images, symbols and highlight key words with colour. When planning a piece of work visual learners may use mood boards and mind maps for them to get inspiration from before forming into words. Audio learners prefer to listen to lectures or having things explained to them, they enjoy group discussions and are very good at describing visual things in great detail. Audio learners can benefit from reading aloud their notes while recording themselves. When planning for a piece of work an audio learner may find it better to speak through their ideas with a friend. Read/write learners much prefer to write down notes and take information from text books, when breaking down statistical information they will describe any trends instead of drawing them. Read/write learners will excel at essay writing and when planning a piece of work they will write lists and notes. Kinaesthetic learners prefer to just try new things and touch things to help them learn. Field trips for the ideal for kinaesthetic learners as they can take in all the information around them, without getting bored. When completing a piece of work they will just use trial and error until they get it right. Without acknowledging your own style you may encourage your team to focus on issues from a certain perspective and miss the opportunities that result from different approaches. A team has a collective learning style all of its own. (Haygroup) My learning style After completing the 1982 version of the Honey and Mumford questionnaire I scored: Activist 6 Reflector16 Theorist15 Pragmatist 8 From these results I now understand that I prefer to step back and observe others, I require more time and information to make decisions. From previous experience I would say that I totally agree with this for example when making a decision about any expensive purchase I will always look at information about and research the best prices before making a decision. So I do regularly use the reflector and theorist styles. From completing the 13 question VARK questionnaire I have scored: Visual1 Audio0 Read/write4 Kinaesthetic 7 From these results I can see that I am kinaesthetic learner, this contradicts my findings from the Honey and Mumford questionnaire where I found id rather observe and take in information. Where as from this VARK questionnaire I have found that id rather use trial and error and learn using hands on methods. This contradictions surprise me as the styles are so different but I do understand that this is true to me, I do prefer to learn on my own and take in a lot of information before creating an essay but when it comes to learning how to use something new I prefer to just hold it and try it out. Conclusion From my research I have found that many of the learning styles are very similar but are constructed in their own way and helps the learner to establish their style in its individual way. Kolb’s learning theory would not be able to be broken up into sections but the Honey and Mumford theory is based on Kolb’s so I can be compared to the VARK theory I have also looked at. I do believe I can pair these up as follows because they have very similar tendencies. Active and Visual learners like images to stimulate them. Reflectors and Audio would prefer to look back at a lecture and re-do their notes to suit them. Theorists and Read/Write learners prefer looking at information in texts. Pragmatists and kinaesthetic learners are both creative and get bored quickly. From what I have learnt form this essay and have found out about how I learn will help me study through the next three years without me struggling or getting bored. Reference List 1)Cameron, S. (2005) The business students handbook. March 2005. Essex. Pearson educated limited 2)Prashnig,B. (n. d) Debating Learning Styles http://www. creativelearningcentre. com/downloads/Debating%20LS. pdf 3)Revell,P. (May 2005) Each to their own:The Guardian http://www. guardian. co. uk/education/2005/may/31/schools. uk3 4)Fleming, N. , and Baume, D. (2006) Learning Styles Again: VARKing up the right tree! , Educational Developments, SEDA Ltd, Issue 7. 4, Nov. 2006, p4-7. http://www. vark-learn. com/documents/Educational%20 Developments. pdf 5)Haygroup http://www. haygroup. com/tl/Downloads/Why_People_Learn. pdf 6)Chapman,A (2005) Kolb learning styles http://www. businessballs. com/kolblearningstyles. htm 7)Kolbs learning cycle diagram http://www. ldu. leeds. ac. uk/ldu/sddu_multimedia/kolb/static_version. php 8)http://www. vark-learn. com/english/page. asp? p=hel[sheets

Food and Beverage Management Course

|TABLE OF CONTENTS | | | |TABLE OF CONTENTS |I | | | | |Chapter One: An Introduction to Food and Beverage Management | | |1. |The Concept of Management |1-2 | |1. 2 |What Is Hospitality Management? |1-3 | |1. 3 |The Manager’s Role in the Hospitality Industry |1-6 | |1. 4 |Categories of Managers in the Hospitality Industry |1-9 | |1. |Management Levels |1-10 | |1. 6 |Food and Beverage Management Functions |1-11 | |1. 7 |Job Description of Food and Beverage Manager |1-14 | |1. |Responsibilities of Food and Beverage Management |1-17 | | | | | |Chapter Two: An Overview of the Foodservice Industry | | |2. 1 |Foodservice Definition |2-2 | |2. |Distinguishing Characteristics of Foodservice Operations |2-4 | |2. 3 |Basic Elements of Success in Foodservice Organisations |2-9 | | | | | |Chapter Three: Types of Foodservice Organisations | | |3. 1 |Types of Foodservice Organizations 3-2 | |3. 2 |Quick Service Restaurants (QSRs) |3-9 | | |3. 2. 1 |QSR Definition |3-10 | | |3. 2. 2 |C haracteristics of QSRs |3-12 | | |3. 2. 3 |Main Sub-Systems in QSRs |3-24 | |3. |Transport Foodservice |3-28 | | | | | |Chapter Four: IT Systems in Food and Beverage Organisations | | |4. 1 |Computer-Based System Definition |4-2 | |4. |Computer-Based System Components for Restaurants |4-4 | |4. 3 |IT System Software Applications |4-14 | | |4. 3. 1 |Front-of-House Applications |4-15 | | |4. 3. 2 |Back-of-House Applications |4-29 | |4. |Benefits of IT Systems in Restaurants |4-46 | | | | | |Chapter Five: Managing Quality in Food and Beverage Operations |5-1 | | | | |Chapter Six: Food and Beverage Marketing |6-1 | |Chapter Seven: Food Cycle |7-1 | |References |Iv |

Evaluating Website

Evaluating a Website for Credibility Rebekah Reed Chamberlain College of Nursing NR500: Foundation Concepts and Applications Fall 2012 Evaluating a Website for Credibility With so many health-related websites on the internet it was hard to choose one. I settled on one that is personal to me and that I do a lot of teaching on with patients. I chose American Diabetes Association at www. diabetes. org. This website is found by searching any of the search engines. This website has both a consumers and professional page. Diabetes is on the rise in the nation and to have a source that has reliable information for patients is a necessity.EVALUATING WEBSITE Evaluating this website for authority was a little cumbersome. The website gives you access to news and research where information on the author and publication is listed. There is a section for communication and discussion boards as well. The majority of information is organized by tabs, ie: living with diabetes, food and fitness, etc. T here is no author on these pages, but you can find information by going to tab about us page. The purpose of this website is to give consumers objective information both education and for entertainment use.The American diabetes association is an associated started in the U. S. to help those affected by diabetes. You as a consumer are able to donate in various ways to help support the research. The website assists you in finding your local chapter and events that are happening in your geographical area. The site provides basic information regarding diabetes and care of the disease. The ease of navigation is very user friendly. I enlisted my twelve year old son and mother who is in her late sixties. I asked each to find the page that gave users information on finger sticks.Both were able to find the information with relative ease. Graphics are loaded quickly and links are functioning. A nice feature I found on this website is the ability to click on an icon that states listen to text and it reads the text to you. This is wonderful for those who have difficulty reading. In addition there are pictures on every page that are related to the topic being discussed for those who learn by visual education. Looking for privacy and security policies shows this website to be certified by Norton Symtec security, Better Business Bureau, Trust wave Trusted Commence and National Health Counsel.You do not have to be a member to get information from this website. You can become a member for no fee and receive information on diet, control and other subjects. Your information is not shared with a third party or placed on a listserv. The privacy policy is easy to understand and find. Empirical Evidence â€Å"This website serves to provide the consumer, as well as the healthcare professional, with information about diabetes, its history, development, treatment and impact on the lives of the diabetic patient. The website homepage makes information available in both English and Spani sh.It is designed to give quick information to the viewer about the latest research and news summaries, a tip of the day, a recipe of the day, personal health risks for diabetes and a link to get local information about diabetes through your zip code. † (Overman, 2006) In this website the section for professionals gives you access to their search engine for any articles in the five main diabetic journals. You also have the option for professional resources which include information for professional education, patient educational information to use and diabetes animation clips to use in presentations.The option for continuing education is provided by both live and online programs through many various links. As a nurse or health care professional you are giving and teaching patients how to manage their disease. You are liable for the information you give that in making sure it is accurate and appropriate. The first decision point in recommending a website is to determine the goa l the website resource will address. For example, a dietitian might refer a patient to a specific recipe website that offers tips and recipes to help the patient become more comfortable preparing low-fat meals.Other specific reasons for referring a patient to a website might be to help the patient 1) learn more about a specific aspect of diabetes; 2) obtain recipes that meet taste preferences, the food budget, and health needs; 3) track activity levels; or 4) receive daily tips on being more successful meeting personal goals. (Evert et al, 2008) Conclusion In conclusion the website www. diabetes. org is a credible health-related website and a source of information for both consumers and professionals.It’s a wealth of knowledge and resources for the consumers in an easy to understand layout and language. For professionals it is a one stop area for up to date information, studies and articles regarding diabetes and related care. References Overman VP; Website Review: American D iabetes Association. International Journal of Dental Hygiene, 2006 Feb; 4 (1): 55 (journal article – website) ISSN: 1601-5029 Evert, A. , March, S. , Powers, M. ; Use of Internet Technology to Support Nutrition and Diabetes Self-Management Care. Diabetes Spectrum, 2008 April; 21 (2) 91-99

Norm Violation Essay

After doing the three norm violations for my midterm project in Social Psychology, I was really relieved. The entire nervous breaking act as whatever that will draw people’s attention to me made me partly pity myself. I pity myself for making me look like a fool, but nevertheless, it gave me a sense of joy thinking that I really did it not just for the sake of completion and to get good grades, but I did it because of curiosity and for the satisfaction of my inner craving for new adventure. And by doing the three norm violations, I came to conclude that we are all unconsciously controlled by the norms our society sets and that sank into the very depths of our minds making us live like robots. People nowadays are like robots, doing their day-to-day activities in a pattern that conforms to the usual norm in their society. No more thrills and excitement, no more craving for adventure, no more childish acts, and that’s all because we all wanted to fit in and do things aligned to what is tagged as â€Å"normal.† So this project is really a breath of fresh air to me. This has been an eye opener, a bell that wakes every vein in my body, like electricity that flows to my brain that shocks every synaptic activity. Now I’m conscious, conscious enough to make my life more worth living by not conforming to the pattern of norms embroided to every corner of humanity. I apologize for my exaggeration, but I am just inspired. And I like to exaggerate when I’m inspired. Anyways, the bottom line here is that I’m glad I made this project for it made me realize what’s keeping people in coming out of their shell, and that is the idea that if they do something that is not normal even if that’s what they’ve always wanted to do, they’ll be labelled as â€Å"weird.† Based on experience, it’s really self degrading when people look at you with such scornful eyes because of projecting something that does not fit their tastes. So I can’t blame those whose faces are as thick as my psychology book because they have become numb of all the critics and judgments that pass through their tympanic membrane like a steel being dragged out of force in a glass road. I don’t know which part of my four lobed brain all these words are coming from, but I guess I have made my point and I hope it’s clear.

The Importance of Culture in Language Teaching, and the Implications Essay

The Importance of Culture in Language Teaching, and the Implications for the Role of the Teacher - Essay Example Language includes speech, written characters, numerals, symbols, and gestures of nonverbal communication. Language, of course, is not an exclusively human attribute. Even though they are incapable of human speech, primates such as chimpanzees have been able to use symbols to communicate. However, even at their most advanced level, animals operate with essentially a fixed set of signs with fixed meanings. By contrast, humans can manipulate symbols in order to express abstract concepts and rules and to expand human cultures. In contrast to some other elements of culture, language permeates all parts of society. Certain cultural skills, such as cooking or carpentry, can be learned without the use of language through the process of imitation. However, it is impossible to transmit complex legal and religious systems to the next generation by watching to see how they are performed. An individual, for instance, could bang a gavel as a judge does, but one would never be able to understand legal reasoning without language. Therefore, people invariably depend on language for the use and transmission of the rest of a culture. While language is a cultural universal, differences in the use of language are evident around the world. This is the case even when two countries use the same spoken language. For example, an English-speaking person from the United States who is visiting London may be puzzled the first time an English friend says "I'll ring you up." The friend means "I'll call you on the telephone." Similarly, the meanings of nonverbal gestures vary from one culture to another. Whereas residents of the United States commonly use and attach positive meanings t the "thumbs up" gesture, this gesture has... This essay stresses that some teachers and researchers have found it effective to present students with objects or ideas that are specific to the culture of study but are unfamiliar to the students. The students are given clues or background information about the objects and ideas so that they can incorporate the new information into their own worldview. An example might be a cooking utensil. Students would be told that the object is somehow used for cooking, and then they would either research or be informed about how the utensil is used. This could lead into related discussion about foods eaten in the target culture, the geography, growing seasons, and so forth. The students act as anthropologists, exploring and understanding the target culture in relation to their own. In this manner, students achieve a level of empathy, appreciating that the way people do things in their culture has its own coherence. This report makes a conclusion that from the above account of culture and its relationship with language, it becomes easy to understand that culture is the most important element in learning the second language. Language is a tool to communicate with people. When we learn a foreign language, we mean to discover new horizons of culture, ideology and the way of life of the people of target language. Hence, without having good knowledge of their culture, the knowledge of their language seems useless because in the absence of cultural awareness, we cannot communicate with them effectively. That is why the study of the culture into the language teaching is so much imperative.

Animal Test Should Be Stopped Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Animal Test Should Be Stopped - Essay Example   Ã‚   Animals form a pliable target for beings, but still, it is not just to take unjustified benefit of their defenselessness. It should be clear that a mouse or a monkey would go through similar throbbing that beings would do if subjected to certain hurting measures. These animals do not get food, water and, sleep. In various circumstances, they undergo cruel treatment. For example, dogs under lock and key in chambers to experiment whether a given insecticide is secure for breathing by people. On many occasions, there is no use of anesthesia at the time of testing. This is due to a callous attitude towards the safety of animals and avoids the alteration of the test results (Sherry, 1994). However, just imagine that you are in a theatre with no anesthesia or stacked in a filthy cell since a famous person wants to experiment how your body responds to that given surroundings. If individuals take the initiative of being kindhearted towards some creatures that you will realize the so mewhat pain these innocent animals have to bear during such experiments. Some countries, the likes of Netherlands New Zealand have forbidden the utilization of brilliant apes among other primates for experiments. (Thomas, 1995). Results obtained from the practice assist in checking whether a given sample of drug or cosmetic artifact would result to any reactions on people. The functioning mechanisms of human beings are different from those of animals. The extensive use of Aspirin is for the cure of pain, fever, inflammation, etc. in people. Conversely, this exact drug proves to be poisonous for rats.    Most conducted experiments are on the natural world, which cannot be a dependable basis for foretelling results on people. This shows that, the rats or mice are not the right forms to hypothesize reactions in people, where as only monkeys and chimpanzees are because their close relation to humans. Many of us are not aware that drug-manufacturing companies are not answerable for side effects or illnesses ensuing from their vaccines or medicines; however, many lately tested drugs they proudly trade; do not yield-required results. The reactions of drugs like clioquinol and thalidomide are an indication to the allegations that drugs tested cannot form a basis of considerations on animals as well as secure for human consumption (Types of Animal Testing, 2010).

Sexual Life in campas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sexual Life in campas - Essay Example -religious institutions, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the various research methodologies employed by (Freitas, 2008) and (Smith and Snell, 2009). The ever-changing dynamics of societal relations have incessantly worked to diminish people’s hold on religion. Most people, especially youths between the ages of 18 to 23, are continually moving away from religion by finding refuge in other forms of entertainment. These youths hold the notion that the church has become an annoying place. As such, they have lost the previous clingy stands that they had towards the church during their formative years (Smith and Snell, 2009). Not only has the appeal to embrace stern evangelical positions been pushed out of the window, but also the social cloth that defined the boundaries of right and wrong. To the female students in evangelical schools, the determinant for failing college was not grades, but, failure to get a fiancà © or a husband. Emphasis on getting a man has got nothing to do with religion; this implies that religion has again been given a backseat. This further reflects how people’s stance, even the evangelical school students, towards religion and people’s belief in religion as a social marker has considerably softened. In the evangelical colleges, not many people are secure about their sexual orientations (Freitas, 2008). This kind of insecurity is precipitated by the desire to fulfill religious obligations while at the same time balancing with the real life. In addition, the people in religious schools consider â€Å"saving themselves until marriage a sacred thing† (Freitas, 2008). As such, students who have already been involved in sexual encounters before marriage exhibit feelings of guilt that lead them towards wanting to change their sexual orientations. Most of the students in evangelical colleges consider talking to their partners as very romantic, and they value talking so much. This emphasis on talking does show that communication is

Discussion 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion 1 - Essay Example These are the components that make up the content of art piece. Therefore, content can then be defined as the significance of the art components in a visual rendering. Clear examples of these definitions can be seen in the Catalonia painting collection of Rebecca Crowell which clearly depicts the strong formation of the painting and the content that comes to the fore once the brain has had time to absorb the lines, drawings, and scratches that make up the content of her colorful art work. The relationship between the content and form of the painting is what our eyes see as art. These two components combine to create a thought process in our minds pertaining to the overall effect of the visual qualities as seen in the painting. The two cannot be separated because the form of the painting is what we see while the content is the meaning of what we see as interpreted by our minds. Although the message of a painting in terms of content and form are believed to be timeless, the interpretation of the viewer tends to change over the years. This can be attributed to the fact that people learn more about the background and influences of the artist and his state of mind at the time the painting was created, thus changing any interpretation or understanding that future generations may have about the art work. However the original interpretation shall always stand the test of time as the baseline interpretation of an artists work. Your definition pertaining to content and form is certainly succinct. It is a clear definition that can easily be understood by any lay reader. However, I beg to differ with you in terms of your view that whenever form changes, content changes as well. There have been other painters such as the Kleophon Painter who painted the same content in various forms throughout time. He painted many Red Figure Attic vases while sticking to specific genres. These themes included, Greek mythology, domestic themes, and paintings of warriors. Although he

Ethics and moral character Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics and moral character - Essay Example As a business man his primary motive was never to amass maximum profit. On the other hand, he held that â€Å"it is the function of business to produce for consumption and not for money and speculation† (Johannes 7). Thus, he was never moved by the money motive and he brought about revolutionary changes in the twentieth century American industrial culture through such radical measures as the introduction of high wages, lower prices and increased buying power. One of the distinguishing characteristics of Ford’s business ethics was his strong belief that business should not be solely aimed at making profit. On the other hand, he held that one should maintain business ethics in all his/her enterprises keeping in mind the demands and needs of individuals and society. Once Henry Ford himself stated that â€Å"for a long time people believed that the only purpose of industry is to make a profit. They are wrong. Its purpose is to serve the general welfare† (Ciulla 31). Similarly, good business leaders should not be egocentric; they should not be moved by ego but by reason. Henry Ford was a genuine and brilliant leader who was never overtly flattered by success but who always welcomed legitimate contributions from others.

Shannon McDonald, Frank Davis and Thomas Green Case Study

Shannon McDonald, Frank Davis and Thomas Green - Case Study Example As the paper outlines, the immense rise of office politics usually means that the working personnel of a business organization will be frightened to bring up innovative ideas or debatable issues encouraging development amid the workforce. However, the issue of office politics can be diminished through powerful leadership and open communication within the business organization  by a certain level. The discussion in this paper will focus on analyzing a case study based on the impacts caused by office politics involving three individuals, namely the CEO of Dynamic Displays, i.e. Shannon McDonald, Frank Davis, the Marketing Director of the organization and Thomas Green, the recently promoted Senior Market Specialist. It was in the year 1990 when Dynamic Displays was established in Boston as a supplier of self-service options to the banks through the application of Automated Teller Machines (ATMs). The business of the Dynamic Displays performed well and soon it launched a new business s ection aiming at the travel as well as hospitality industry in the year 1994. Later, by the year 2007, the market share of this particular business segment increased considerably to 60% along with possessing more than 1500 self-service kiosks in execution at over 75 airports. This particular case study is about a 28-year-old person named Thomas Green who was recruited as an Account Executive in Dynamic Displays and was later promoted to the post of Senior Marketing Specialist of the company in order to effectively manage its expansion in the Travel and Hospitality Division. Even though his promotion was based on his performances and personal traits, Thomas had to face a few problems in terms of office politics with his superior, Mr. Frank Davis. Frank Davis has been associated with the organization since the year 1990 in the position of the Marketing Director for the Travel and Hospitality Division.

Enterprise Information Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Enterprise Information Architecture - Essay Example Data security helps maintain privacy of data. There are a number of data security technologies to support this process. They are as follows: The topic of my research paper is Enterprise Information Architecture that strategically brings together the information architecture of the organization in a well-documented and logical manner. EAI integrates the information architecture of within an organization in such a way that the organization wide elements of goals, objectives, strategic plans etc also encompass within the architecture.1 EAI aims to provide an architectured environment to the organization that delivers high quality, system integration, time saving and reduction in costs. This aim is achieved by EAI by eradicating or reducing data redundancy within the operational systems, eradicating or reducing process redundancy within the operational systems, and by minimizing the complexity of extracting data from the operational environment into the data warehouse environment. The EAI is often known as a vehicle that provides a road map to development of an architectured environment. The EIA has three sub-architectures and they are as follows: Business architecture: This includes corporate data model (business oriented and integrated view of the data that is important to the organization), function model (decomposes the core business functions performed within the organization), interaction model (a matrix that shows which data is updated, deleted or important), current systems model (inventory of current systems implemented within the organization). Technical architecture: This depicts the existing and desired technical environment of the organization. It also includes an inventory of the systems of the existing technical environment as well. Organization architecture: This reveals the processes from the function model that are performed by each unit within the organization. It also shows the organizational structure but at a higher level. Below is the breakdown of the EIA:Enterprise information architecture is a model that has four levels and they are as follows: Physical level: This level encompasses the computer hardware of the organization, network interface, telecommunication facilities and the LANs that support the intranet and extranet. Previously systems in organizations used to be monolithic and centralized but now they are more decentralized and distributed in the form of client/server, network-based computer systems etc. Information level: This level is concerned with the information of the organization like databases, model bases, knowledge bases and metabases. This

Learning Organizations Essay Example for Free

Learning Organizations Essay 1. 1 Executive summary/ L. O! In times of uncertainty and change, organizations need new and effective managerial tools in order to cope with the rising competitiveness of markets. In this context, the concept of organizational learning is receiving growing attention among both managerial and academic surroundings in the last two decades. Among many possible definitions of a Learning Organization, David A. Garvin, a leading scholar in this field, suggests the following: â€Å"an organization made up of employees skilled at creating, acquiring, and transferring knowledge. These people could help their firms cultivate tolerance, foster open discussion, and think holistically and systemically. Such learning organizations would be able to adapt to the unpredictable more quickly than their competitors could. †. A learning organization is aimed at increasing the flexibility and effectiveness of a company, making it react faster to changes in a competitive environment. This is achieved in cultures who constantly foster knowledge inside their organizations. Although this general idea of organizational learning may appear rather simplistic at first glance, its practical integration into day-to-day operations proves to require a more refined, systematic approach: â€Å"Generative learning cannot be sustained in an organization where event thinking predominates. It requires a conceptual framework of â€Å"structural† or systematical thinking, the ability to discover structural causes of behaviorâ€Å". This paper provides a deeper insight into the implementation and performance assessment of learning organizations (L. O. ’s), mainly using the Three Building Blocks Model outlined by Garvin, Edmondson Gino. To better understand this concept, the work will rely on Xerox as an example to highlight how L. O. ’s can provide competitive advantages to corporations. In the last section, the paper will also breakdown the effect that learning organizations have on major stakeholders (leaders, employees and organization itself). 1. 2. Introduction: Background to Xerox Xerox is a US-based multinational, founded in 1906, which produces and sales printers and photocopiers and provides related services. Throughout it’s history, Xerox has faced several crisis periods which ended up pushing the company to become a Learning Organization. Around 1980, the company was hit hard by the emergence of new japanese players on the market and lost its almost 100% market share. As a response Xerox introduced the â€Å"leadership through quality initiative† with the objective of training every employee in tools for generating ideas and collecting information, solving problems in a systematical way, reaching consensus etc. â€Å"Xerox became a case study — the first American group to win back market share from the Japanese†. More recently, in the year of 2000, with the announcement of Anne M. Mulcahy as CEO of the company, XEROX’s was able to overcome another serious crisis. Mulcahy’s leadership style, which mirrors many of the strategies suggested by the LO literature, managed to turn around this †sinking ship†, which had 19 billion in debt, a falling stock and double-digit negative growth. In 5 years time, Xerox would be profitable again. Ursula Burns has continued Mulcahy’s work, since becoming the new CEO in 2009, even acquiring new companies such as the 2010 $6. 4 bln. takeover of ACS. Xerox continues to stay on the list of companies frequently cited as learning organizations. The 3 Building Blocks of a Learning Organization The concept of the three building blocks of a learning organizations is introduced by David A. Garvin, Amy C. Edmondson, and Francesca Gino as an assessment tool to determine areas where organizations need to improve their learning methodologies. Below we provide a deeper explanation of each of the three building blocks and how Xerox fits each one of them. Building Block 1: XEROX, a supportive learning organization? There are four distinct characteristics of an organization that determine whether it is or not a Supportive Learning Organization. Firstly, how psychologically safe its employees feel. This is common in organizations where employees don’t feel pressured or marginalized when presenting their own ideas even if these go against what the majority of the organization thinks. Similarly, subordinates at this organization are encouraged to disagree with their coworkers and superiors and present new and bold opinions, meaning that this organization is opened to new ideas. In a supportive learning organization, employees also become aware of the different inputs and opinions each member of a team brings to the table and learns how to accommodate and value those differences. Lastly, a supportive learning organization needs to provide its employees with some time for reflexion, when they will to go over the company’s procedures and analyse past performances in order to assess what can be changed and/or improved. Tolerance and diversity at Xerox Xerox’s openness to new ideas can be partly linked to its high diversity of employee backgrounds, which ultimately reinforces the acceptance and inclusion of different solutions, making employees feel more comfortable in taking risks. This diversity has also enabled Ursula Burns, the current CEO, to climb up the ranks of Xerox and become the first female black CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Besides being â€Å"a proof† to other employees that effort at Xerox pays back, Burns herself stresses this idea of a supportive learning organization when she mentions that she â€Å"wants [XEROX’s] 130,000 employees to get over the past, take more initiative, become more fearless and be more frank and impatient with one another to ratchet up performance†. Burns refers to the all Xerox community as the â€Å"XEROX family†- â€Å"When we’re in the family, you don’t have to be as nice as when you’re outside of the family,( ) I want us to stay civil and kind, but we have to be frank — and the reason we can be frank is because we are all in the same family. † Building Block 2: Does Xerox implement concrete learning processes and practices? Because â€Å"a learning organization is not cultivated effortlessly†, organizational entities must put explicit processes in place to ensure that knowledge is constantly generated and collected inside the organization. The information must then be interpreted and infused into the organization to be always accessible in a way that will support problem-solving tasks and benefit its constant transformational processes. Moreover, this will also help to develop new products or services, as well as closely monitor competitors, clients and technological developments, using benchmarking techniques. Lastly, the company has to invest in training measures for its employees. MAIN Education and problem-solving at Xerox: The Six Sigma Method In the case of Xerox, measures to implement LO practices started as early as 1983 when executive management inaugurated Xerox’s â€Å" leadership through quality initiative†. The initiatives goal was â€Å"improving business processes to create higher levels of customer satisfaction, quality and productivity† by providing workshops to Xerox employees. These workshops were refined in the late 90’s, reorienting around the Six Sigma method, which had previously been successfully applied in other companies. Although these efforts proved successful in improving productivity, they were only limited to a local supply chain level and were not conducted regularly. In 2002 the management of Xerox then decided to implement the Six Sigma strategy across the whole organization, an effort which Xerox is continuing today. This is shown by the fact that the method has become part of the everyday communication process inside the company. The Six Sigma strategy is a tool, which empowers employees to become more efficient and proactive in daily problem-solving situations, for example by using the DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) approach. Six Sigma also requires the employees to closely monitor market trends and to apply benchmarking appropriately. Xerox particularly emphasizes the fact that they see the efforts to implement the Six Sigma method (see attachment 1) as a long-term project. This idea is aligned with the academic literature on LO’s stating that â€Å"becoming a LO is a long process and small setbacks should be expected†. This is because employees and the management have to â€Å"unlearn† old modes of thinking. Information distribution at Xerox Xerox provides employees with access to a large intranet consisting of e. g. reference knowledge, material on best practices, and answers to frequently asked questions. This helps the stakeholders inside the company to share information. It also supports the efforts to keep employees informed on what the priorities are for the overall company. Building Block 3: Are Xerox leaders reinforcing learning? Leaders in a L. O. promote constant learning by raising difficult questions and listening to the answers and concerns of their employees. While doing so, leaders also communicate openness to these new ideas and take them into consideration in their actions. Additionally, leaders have to encourage employees to invest their time in reflecting on both how to solve current problems and what can be learned from past performance. The ultimate goal is for leaders to motivate employees to question the underlying assumptions of current modes of thinking, and therefore initiate efficiency and innovation inside company processes. Promoting Initiative at Xerox For the past two decades, Xerox has engaged their employees to participate in the Earth Awards Program. The goal of this yearly event is to come up with solutions for saving company resources by increasing its efficiency, therefore making it a â€Å"greener† company. With this challenging program, Xerox motivates their employees to generate new ideas that, for instance, in 2010, resulted in company savings of $10. 2 Million. In that year, thirteen winners were announced, corporate wide and among different teams. This is an example of how leaders take their employees’ input seriously and how the generation of new initiatives at Xerox arises from both top and bottom levels of hierarchies. Encouraging employees to invest their time in reflecting by example Senior management at Xerox demonstrates the behaviors, which they in turn expect from employees. A clear example of this â€Å"policy† was when, in 1993, the executive management put together the Presidential Review process. The objective of this process was to review the overall progress of the company collectively through Presidential Review process in 1993. Interviews were organized with more than 30 senior managers answering questions like â€Å"What has changed? Where are the largest gaps between what was intended and what is currently true? If you were to outline barriers that need to be dealt with, what comes to mind? What would you have done differently? †. After the interviews, 45 seniors got together for one day meeting to identify trouble spots and develop recommendations. Action plan was the result . 3. The Effect on Leaders, â€Å"Followers† and Organizations Becoming a successful learning organization can provide a company with significant competitive advantages in the long-run, as it also can largely benefit its major stakeholders (employees and leaders). However, it also requires some behavioral changes from them. In order to achieve the goal of a L. O. (foster knowledge creation and sharing to gain competitive advantage), it is important that leaders infuse a common goal inside the organization. This implies, that leaders should have an effective communication in delivering the company ethos to their subordinates. Once employees identify with the company and its goal, people on all levels of the company would naturally start thinking and discussing promising new ways to achieve these goals. On the other hand, learning processes require time among other resources, and eventually leaders will have to find efficient ways to maximize the time of their employees. It is crucial to determine a balance between time spent going over problem-solvings tasks and past performance analysis (required for learning processes) with regular work. Additionally, leaders will have to define the line between â€Å"acceptable mistakes†- those that arrive from risk taking attitudes, and â€Å"unacceptable mistakes† those originated by irresponsibility and lack of accountability. This is not always clear and, therefore, leaders might face some obstacles in implementing a learning culture as their workers’ â€Å"fear of punishment† can result in the limitation of creativity. Probably the most effective tool to boost innovation is to empower workers. But if the empowerment process provides employees the feeling that they are contributing and helping to define the company processes, then a new attitude is also required from them. Employees will have to remember that they are expected to show initiative, propose new ideas and act. And they should not always expect directions to do so. This can be particularly hard for workers who are risk-averse and who need clear instructions about their work role. Learning organizations can bring significant benefits to employees. Being part of the company processes transformation and being aligned with its goals are expected to make employees more motivated and dynamic. In this way, many of the aspects of the L. O. raise the levels of enjoying the work process. The job satisfaction in turn is expected to raise productivity levels. Also, because employees are more exposed to those in higher positions in the company, new career opportunities might arise together with monetary rewards. RISKS FOR COMPANY â€Å"No learning organization is built overnight. Success comes from carefully cultivated attitudes, commitments, and management processes that accrue slowly and steadily. The first step is to foster an environment conducive to learning. Analog Devices, Chaparral Steel, Xerox, GE, and other companies provide enlightened examples. † (http://w3. ualg. pt/~mzacaria/gic/HBR-Building-a-Leaning-Organization. pdf) 2. Organizations should be careful in applying new principles ensuring buy-in from most influential employees and checking progress not to fall into the trap of unfeasable change which could seriously hurt current business (see http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=268) 4. Final considerations: As illustrated by the above analysis, as well by its overall economic performance in the last 11 years, it has become clear that XEROX has largely succeeded in becoming a LO. Arguably, Xerox has become so successful in it’s LO efforts that this has resulted in providing learning services to other companies through subsidiary spin offs, such as Xerox Learning Services. Concerning the evaluation of the theory proposed by Garvin, Gino and Edmondson, it has to be noted that the building blocks have to be seen as interdependent. Without effective leadership and learning environment, the learning process implementation will likely fail. Therefore, each of the above building blocks needs to be tackled by taylormade strategies, not least because companies do not perform consistently in each department. Similarly, organizations have to pay especial attention to comparing the extent of the learning process with other organizations, since only then you will have a solid benchmarking (in contrast to looking only at individual company performance over time). Attachment 1 [ 1 ]. O’Keeffe, T. 2002. Organizational Learning: a new perspective. Journal of European Industrial Training, 26 (2), pp. 130-141. [ 2 ]. Peter Senge (1990), â€Å"The Fifth Discipline† [ 3 ]. â€Å"Is yours a learning organization? † [ 4 ]. One good source on Xerox crisis times http://knowledge. wharton. upenn. edu/article. cfm? articleid=268 [ 5 ]. Building a L. O. [ 6 ]. http://www. economist. com/node/387740 [ 7 ]. http://www. economist. com/node/387740 [ 8 ]. http://mitleadership. mit. edu/r-mulcahy. php [ 9 ]. The following work will assume that the stance of the management towards encouraging the LO inside Xerox has remained constant. Since Mulcahy had been working with Burns for more than 9 years, Burns is expected to put her own stamp on the company in a way that was deferential to the work of Ms. Mulcahy, who remains chairwoman. See: http://www. nytimes. com/2010/02/21/business/21xerox. html? pagewanted=all_r=1 [ 10 ]. http://www. freepatentsonline. com/article/SAM-Advanced-Management-Journal/20982068. html [ 11 ]. http://www. businesswire. com/news/home/20041027005036/en/Diversity-Practices-Organization-Recognizes-Xerox-Diversity-Leadership [ 12 ]. Farmer, Paula (August). The First African American To Head A Fortune 500 Company, Franklin D. Raines Takes Over Fannie Mae. The Black Collegian. Retrieved November 7, 2008. [ 13 ]. Bryant, A. (February 20, 2010) Xerox’s New Chief Tries to Redefine Its Culture, The New York Times [ 14 ]. Bryant, A. (February 20, 2010) Xerox’s New Chief Tries to Redefine Its Culture, The New York Times [ 15 ]. Garvin, Edmondson Gino (2008), p. 4 [ 16 ]. Page 11: http://www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf It could be argued that these efforts were a spillover-effect from Xerox ground-breaking benchmarking efforts in its production process areas in billing, warehousing, and automated manufacturing. [ 17 ]. Page 13: http://www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf [ 18 ]. Slide 68:http://www. moyak. com/papers/learning-organization-presentation. pdf [ 19 ]. Easterby-Smith, M. , Crossan, M. , and Nicolini, D. 2000. Organizational learning: debates past, present and future. Journal of Management Studies. 37 (6) pp 783-796. See also Senges definition of mental models, which refer to how workers need to time to overcome old modes of thinking: Senge, P. M. 1990. The Fifth Discipline. London: Century Business. [ 20 ]. http://www. xerox. com/downloads/usa/en/n/nr_SixSigmaForumMag_2004_Aug. pdf [ 21 ]. Kaye, L. (November 15, 2010) Xerox’s Green Ideas Save Company $10. 2 Million, http://www. triplepundit. com/ [ 22 ]. Garvin, D. A. (2000), Learning in Action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data p. 105 [ 23 ]. Garvin, D. A. (2000), Learning in Action: a guide to putting the learning organization to work, Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data p. 105 [ 24 ]. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. : ImageXerox lean six sigma framework. Figure 3Xerox lean six sigma framework. emeraldinsight. com http://www. emeraldinsight. com/journals. htm? articleid=1628232show=html.